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The Spanish American War Was A Conflict Between Spain And...

The Spanish-American war was a conflict between Spain and America. It ended Spanish ruling in the Americas and resulted in the expansion of territories in the Pacific and Latin America for the US. During this period of imperialism, there were many influences driving the U.S. government. The war started with Cuba struggling to gain their independence from Spain. However, Spain rejected their notions by brutally stopping the Cuban rebellion. Newspapers began portraying Spain as spiteful and the sympathy for the Cuban rebels rose in America. William Randolph Hearst was responsible for exaggerating the truth in the papers about the fight for independence from Spain. Hearst invented a term called â€Å"yellow journalism†, which exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to attract readers. A truce was called and Spain allowed Cuba to have limited power of self-government. Nevertheless, the demand for the US to intervene with the conflict grew and it resulted in the sinking of the USS Maine in the Havana Harbor in Cuba. The battleship had an explosion that resulted in 260 sailors dead. The explosion was thought to have been caused by the Spanish even though it was never proven.This led to the start of the war. Spain declared war on the US on April 24, 1898. No American favored Cuban independence like Roosevelt. Teddy Roosevelt was one of the most conspicuous heroes during the Spanish-American war. It is apparent that Teddy favored the Navy. He believed that a strong navy in theShow MoreRelatedCause Of The Spanish American War1406 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War In April of 1898 America finally declared war against Spain and this was as a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of the same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10th of December 1898.1 The end of the war saw the Spaniards loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam among otherRead MoreCause Of The Spanish American War1562 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War - In April of 1898, America declared war against Spain and this was a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of that same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on the 10th of December in 1898.1 The end of the war saw that the Spaniards had loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires that were aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, andRead MoreTaking a Look at the Spanish American War Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesDuring his presidency William McKinley said, â€Å"War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed.† His message never fully reached the American people because in the late 19th century the people were longing for an opportunity to keep up with other empires and they took the first chance they approached. They saw war with Spain as a quick way to prove supremacy and saw plenty of benefits. The Spanish American war was inevitable for America because the people had a strong drive forRead MoreThe Spanish American War Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish American War, also known as â€Å"The Splendid Little War,† was a short-lived conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898. This war was a pretext for the Philippines War. During this time period Spain had control over several territories within the Caribbean because they were still a colonial power. Although Spain had control of the territories of Cuba and the Philippines, the inhabitants began to grow more and more rebellious as time passed. With the tension building between SpainRead MoreWas the Spanish-American War Justified?951 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Was the U.S. justified in going to war in 1898? The United States was not justified in going to war with Spain in 1898. The nation was fighting with clear imperialistic intentions in mind; a majority of people saw the Spanish Empire as an obstacle to fulfilling the Monroe Doctrine and allowing American political and economic command over the entire Western Hemisphere, which made any possible chance to depose them feel necessary for progress. To that extent, many feared Spain wouldRead MoreThe Spanish American War During The 19th Century1391 Words   |  6 Pagesend of the 19th century the Spanish-American War was fought between the United States, and Spain. The war started a new beginning for three nations, the United States, Cuba and Spain. At the end of the war an empire would fall and new one would be created and Cuba would become an independent nation. Though battles were fought all over the world the war itself was mostly about Cuban Independence. During the latter half of 19th century Cuba was under the control of Spain. â€Å"Cuba, Spain’s oldest largeRead MoreA New Middle Class Government And The Declaration Of The Second Spanish Republic1362 Words   |  6 PagesSecond Spanish Republic in 1931 until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Spanish society struggled to establish a stable, representative democracy for only the second time in its long political history. With the spread of industrialization, the rise of a new working class, and the emergence of a new era of political movements, ideals, and philosophical ideologies or â€Å"isms† throughout Europe and the United States—communism, socialism, marxism, anarchism, fascism, etc., Spanish societyRead MoreThe Liberator By Alberto Arvelo896 Words   |  4 PagesBolà ­var called The Liberator, directed by Alberto Arvelo was created to demonstrate the liberation of Latin America during the 1800s as well as the various obstacles Simà ³n Bolà ­var had overcome in order to free his country. The Liberat or was an impactful film that truly demonstrated the hardships and inferiority of indigenous life due to Spain s reign of dominance which drastically damaged the overall tone and development of many Latin Americans. Throughout the duration of the film, various themesRead MoreAPUSH Essays1633 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Analyze the responses to TWO of the following to Secretary of State John Hay’s view that the Spanish American War was â€Å"a splendid little war†; William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Emilio Aguinaldo When Secretary of State John Hay stated that the Spanish American War was a â€Å"splendid little war†, he received mixed responses from people such as William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Some people of the Philippines, especiallyRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Civil War1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof 1898, Spain declared war on the United States. The U.S. prime objective was for the true Cuban independence. In pursuing such goal, the string of conflicts began with the inhumane treatment of Cuban civilians in concentration camps by the Spanish, ‘yellow journalism,† and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. The United States involvement in the war was a combination of all of these factors; however, the most influential factor was the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. The outrage of American citizens advanced

Causes of Stress Essay - 757 Words

Causes of Stress Introduction So, what causes the stress that can be so bad for you? Some people may have a nervous system that goes into a stress reaction more readily than others. This could be due to individual differences in genetics and brain chemistry. To try to understand stress better, we need to consider the psychological factors involved - emotional and cognitive (thinking) factors. Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part. A†¦show more content†¦Other research in the 1990s showed a correlation between high levels of negative life events with increased vulnerability to colds. The trouble with this social readjustment rating scale is that it does not account for the fact that some people will find the same sort of event less stressful than others - for example, divorce could be perceived as a relief or a disaster. We cannot give reliable predictions about risks of stress-related illness based on this scale. Lazarus and colleagues in the 1980s came up with a different stress measurement scale called the hassles and uplifts scale. They claimed that, rather than major life changes, it is day-to-day hassles or small uplifts that determine our overall levels of stress. It has been found that found that high scores on hassles - for example, being stuck in traffic or minor arguments with partner - correlated with symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression. Personality and stress In the 1970s, Friedman and Rosenman carried out a nine-year study of 1000 people to try to find out if personality type affected stress levels. They came up with the idea of the Type A personality - illustrated below: The typical type A person is competitive, time-conscious, workaholic and easily frustrated with others. Researchers have suggested that this sort of person would be likely toShow MoreRelatedCauses of Workplace Stress969 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Workplace Stress There are many factors that can exacerbate the causes of stress in the workplace. The challenges faced by people in the workplace make the job more exciting and interesting. However, there are challenges that can also have negative effects. The normal reaction to stress is tension, anxiety and excitement and work-life goes back to normal after a while. If however, the stress becomes overwhelming or if it happens too often, there can be a problem getting back to the normalRead MoreCause And Effect Of Stress1029 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day of the week? Why adults cannot be as happy as little kids? Why college or school students have a sleepless night before the exam? The answer is stress. Stress has become a normal part of our life and its negative effects are increasing with such a fast rate that after a few decades or so, it is going to be the leading cause of death. Stress as defined â€Å"is an internal state which can be caused by the physical demands of the body .e.g. disease conditions, exercise, and the like or by environmentalRead MoreCauses And Symptoms Of Stress918 Words   |  4 Pages Causes and Symptoms of Stress Stress, an emotional defense mechanism that every human being has and achieves both positive and negative attributes from it. Stress can be viewed as the body’s way of kicking it into gear by responding to any threats or demands that daily life puts upon it. The body releases chemicals which give the needed strength and energy to push forward and accomplish the tasks that need to be done. Stress differs from person to person, mostly depending on the structure ofRead MoreCauses And Symptoms Of Stress1339 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and Symptoms of Stress First off, what is stress and why is it such a burden to deal with? Stress is known to be a killer, too much stress can strain your health by: sleeping problems, digestive problems, heart disease, and many more. Stress is a normal physical response to events that make you feel or act threatened or upset with your words, feelings, and even body language. When you sense some sort of danger it could be real or imaginary the body s defenses kick into high gear so fastRead MoreCause And Effects Of Stress1349 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and Effects of Stress According to HeartMath LLC,â€Å"Stress is the basic cause of 60% of all human illness and disease†. Stress is a huge problem in the world today and effects many people. Everyone has different stress triggers. For example, work, school, and children are all parts of life that many people struggle with and cause them to go into overload. Stress take a toll on many people s bodies and can cause serious problems like high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and heart diseaseRead MoreFactors that Causes Stress1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern world, people experience stress in various forms throughout their daily lives. Stress in the medical world referred to as the â€Å"silent killer†. Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain usually caused by demanding situations, a traumatic experience and often times due to mental health issues namely anxiety. While perfectly normal to experience stress and sometimes beneficial in providing a person with needed focus in order to perform important tasks. However, this conditionRead MoreCauses and Consequences of Stress2689 Words   |  11 PagesStress, in one form or another, is a universal affliction. It does not discriminate based on age, race, income or culture. While not everyone experiences the same type or intensity, no one is immune from stress or its consequences. Certain groups experience stressors that are fairly specific to that group. Individuals with children will have some stressors that do not exist for those without children, married individuals will have episodes of stress that those who are unmarried do not experienceRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Stress1901 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the statement that â€Å"Stress is in the eyes of the beholder†. Stress from the perspective of poetry is the emphasis that falls on certain syllables and not others; the arrangement of stresses within a poem is the foundation of poetic rhythm. The process of working out which syllables in a poem are stressed is known as scansion; once a metrical poem has been scanned, it should be possible to see the matter. In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Stress in general is somethingRead MoreStress : Causes, Effects, And Treatments1429 Words   |  6 PagesStress: Causes, Effects, and Treatments INTRODUCTION Stress is a major component of people’s lives at some point or another. Stress is a state of mental and/or emotional tension as a result of demanding circumstances and events. Stress has an impact on humans physically and psychologically. There are different types of stress including: acute, episodic acute, and chronic. Acute is the most common form of stress and it only has temporary effects, episodic is a more frequent form of acute stressRead MoreEssay on Stress: Causes And Effects797 Words   |  4 PagesStress: Causes and Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress is an ongoing dilemma that occurs in each and everyone’s life. It is a factor that is undoubtedly a part of daily living. Due to the trivial problems that occur in people’s daily lives massive amounts of stress can arise. People perceive and manage stress in many different ways. The causes and effects of stress are numerous and one’s ability to manage stress is vital in maintaining healthy living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, stress is defined as an unpleasant state

Ermm - 1225 Words

SE2421 Contemporary Women’s Writing Week 5: 1 November 2011 Dr Becky Munford (munfordr@cardiff.ac.uk) Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) Language, bodies, desire [pic] Word games (1) ‘I didn’t know what it meant, or even what language it was in†¦.Still, it was a message, and it was in writing, forbidden by that very fact, and it hadn’t yet been discovered. Except by me, for whom it was intended.’ (chapter 9, p. 62) (2) ‘So that’s what’s in the forbidden room! Scrabble!...Now it’s forbidden, for us. Now it’s dangerous. Now it’s indecent. Not it’s something he can’t do with his Wife. Now it’s desirable†¦We play two games. Larynx, I spell. Valance. Quince. Zygote. I hold the glossy counters with their smooth†¦show more content†¦I used to think of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will. I could use it to run, push buttons, of one sort or another, make things happen. There were limits but my body was nevertheless lithe, single, solid, one with me. Now the flesh arranges itself differently. I’m a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping. Inside it is a space, huge as the sky at night and dark and curved like that, though black-red rath er than black. Pinpoints of light well, sparkle, burst and shrivel within it, countless as stars. Every month there is a moon, gigantic, round, heavy, an omen. It transits, pauses, continues on an passes out of sight, and I see despair coming towards me like famine. To feel that empty, again, again. I listen to my heart, wave upon wave, salty and red, continuing on and on, marking time. (chapter 11, pp. 83-84) (8) Write! and your self-seeking text will know itself better than flesh and blood, rising insurrectionary dough kneading itself, with sonorous, perfumed ingredients, a lively combination of flying colors, leaves, and rivers plunging into the sea we feed...Oral drive, anal drive, vocal drive – all theses drives are our strengths, and among them is the gestation drive – just like the desireShow MoreRelatedThe Day My Family And I Moved889 Words   |  4 Pageswere racing through my mind. I could just consider one thing to do. As I was going to say something Eva jumped from her seat into my lap and put her lips on mine. Bang! The door viciously swung open. The other side stood my mum with milk and cookies. ERMM sorry to interrupt my mum said awkwardly with a smirk. She rapidly did a U-turn and gradually shut the door, giving me a quick wink as she did so. I am so sorry whispered Eva awkwardly. Suddenly she ran out of my room in complete and utter humiliationRead MoreChapt er I - Original Writing978 Words   |  4 Pageswith your present, and you can play for a little while. † The box was shaking and noises could be heard from inside the box. â€Å"Jack, please tip the box.† grunted the box â€Å"Why?† asked Jack â€Å"Because I need to get out of here† â€Å"Who are you? â€Å"Ermm... Just please tip the box† â€Å"You sound like daddy.† â€Å"Jack, just call me Todd Now push. the. box.† Jack pushed the box over â€Å"Thanks, we need to get out of here, we need to look for memories and I just so happen to have a bag in the pocket of myRead MoreThe Death Of Black And Purple Rings1820 Words   |  8 Pagessitting on and this seemed to have startled him as he took a step back. He began talking to me: â€Å"I’m sorry to look like this, but I really need your help.† his voice was surprising, a gravel-and-gravy mix of whiskey roughness and educated brogue. â€Å"Ermm I... I’m... I’m so sorry I don’t think I can do much† I stuttered as I struggled to get words out of my mouth. I mentally cursed at myself for being so useless. â€Å"Yes you can, I just need somebody to listen to me, that’s all I ask for. I’m not askingRead MoreEssay about Ipa Analysis5810 Words   |  24 Pagesto tie myself in. umm on the way back I (17) decided to use the exit row so there was a lil bit more room and um I asked the storis â€Å"excuse me (18) storis may I have a belt† and ermm usually they’ll say â€Å" yeah I’ll be right there† and then most of the (19) time they’ll forget so then your embarrassed again ermm and then you have to ask another one (20) â€Å"may I have a belt† and then they’ll say, then to my surprise I was told in the exit row you couldn’t (21) have a belt. So at this point

5C Analysis of Singapore Airlines-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Marketing Strategies of Singapore Airlines. Answer: Introduction Singapore Airlines is one of the popular and renowned airlines companies of the world which was founded in the year 1947 after the joint venture of the governments of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore Airlines is regarded as a respected airlines company of the world because of its safe journey, excellent service and innovative technologies. The network of the company has reached to more than 60 destinations in more than 30 countries. Singapore Airlines with its subsidiaries have the most modern type of fleet all over the world. Singapore Airlines is considered to be the flag-carrier of the country. It operates with the help of many subsidiaries and has an alliance with Star Alliance. 5C Analysis of Singapore Airlines The 5C framework is an important tool for making a situation analysis by any organization (Sauria et al. 2015). It is the scanning of the environment on five significant areas for taking valuable marketing decisions. The 5Cs are company, collaborators, customers, competitors and the context. Company Singapore Airlines has created an excellent brand image in the airlines industry all over the world. The company has an excellent work culture and the employees are well-mannered and well-mannered. The company has a mission of providing highest quality air transportation service and to maximize the returns to its shareholders as well as employees. Since its inception, the company is creating value for its customers and enhancing brand loyalty. The values include safety, pursuit of excellence, integrity, concern for the staff and the customer and teamwork (Skyjourneys 2015). Collaborators Singapore Airlines first got into collaboration with Tourism Malaysia in 2016 (Singapore Airlines 2017). This has been their first marketing collaboration memorandum. It was signed at Berlin. Customers The customers of Singapore Airlines have various segments from business professionals to students. The young people are the prospective customers of Singapore Airlines. The customers are satisfied with the service that they are getting from the airlines and it is able to create that value. The customers of Singapore Airlines are from different parts of the world. Competitors The airlines industry is very competitive and the competitors of Singapore Airlines are FireFly, JetStar, Tiger, AirAsia and Cebu Pacific in the domestic. The national competitors are Qatar Airways, Emirates and many others. There are many daily flights which are available in Singapore apart from the Singapore Airlines. Context Context defines the macro-environmental analysis of a firm or an organization. The tool used for this analysis is the PEST analysis. Political The national political framework of a country has enormous impacts on the operational activities of the airlines industry. All the countries are having a national carrier and it represents the nation itself. They get the support of the government and most of them are government-owned. Singapore Airlines also get the support of the Singapore government. Economic The airlines operate beyond the national economic boundaries and are subjected to the international economy as well. One of the major economic threats to the Singapore Airlines is the rise of the fuel costs. Unrest in the Middle East has also affected the service of Singapore Airlines as it affecting the oil prices. Social Social trends in a country also have impacts on the airlines industry of a country. On the other hand, consumers are shifting their preferences from premium airlines to low cost travels and this resulted in the increase in number of low cost carriers (Lawton 2017). Though Singapore Airlines has a premium strategy, it is trying to enter the low cost travel format. Technological Airlines industry is the one where the competition is intense (Dai, Liu and Serfes 2014). Technology plays a vital role here. Technological developments are having enormous impacts on the business of the Singapore Airlines. The features of the airline are technologically advanced that attract the customers (Taneja 2017). It has adopted certain innovations like reclining seats, seatback entertainment systems and headsets. STP Analysis The STP analysis takes into account the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies of the Singapore Airlines. STP analysis helps a company to identify the target market and the customers from the whole population based on their need (Kotler et al. 2015). Segmentation The business and the first class market segmentation strategies of Singapore Airlines include demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral factors. Demographic The demographic factors include the customers of age group from 38 to 55 and they are usually having high income. They can be married, college graduate, adult and usually male. The customers are basically from different segments of the society like upper-middle class to upper class. Geographic They reside on different parts of the world as Singapore Airlines is connecting people from different countries. It has a stable democratic environment. The payment method is mainly through online but has the option of paying through the travel agents. The currency followed is the US or Singaporean dollar. Psychographic The price sensitivity is very minimal for Singapore Airlines. The customers are loyal to the brands who have established relationships with it. The company has targeted the customers who give importance to comfort and reliability while travelling. The customers are conservative and have political preferences. These customers have preferences for services based on quality more than that of price (Schmitt and Gollnick 2016). They are not heavily influenced by the market trends. These customers have the chances of getting influenced by their peers. Behavioral Singapore Airlines has made a segmentation based on behavioral factors also (Xie, Poon and Zhang 2017). These customers prefer to book the tickets online but also prefer accessible websites and other booking systems. They have a history of loyal purchase and they give value to the accumulation of reward points and getting some facilities. They are not generally impulsive in nature. Target market Singapore Airlines authorities have decided to target different segments of the society from middle class to the corporate. The passengers of the economy class pay 8.5% of the first class fare whereas the business class fare is 60.7% of the first class. The airline is mostly used by the passengers for the business purposes as the fare is little more than the other airlines. It has also targeted the students who take their service in the vacations. First and business class are providing them more return. Positioning The positioning strategy of Singapore Airlines is such that consumers feel that the prices of the tickets are higher than some of the airlines and lower than some other but the quality of service is also very high. The company needs to target the people of the society having low income so that their reach is enhanced and revenue is increased. Action Plan The action plan of Singapore Airlines is taking into consideration the analysis of the marketing mix elements that is comprised of 7 Ps of marketing (Armstrong et al. 2014). They are product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical environment. Product Singapore Airlines has been an all time choice for many passengers globally. It has occupied the tenth position with respect to carrying the international passengers. The company has a large number of flights connecting different parts of the world. Till the end of January, 2017, Singapore Airlines is having a fleet of around 111 aircraft that includes Boeing 777, Airbus A350, Airbus A330 and Airbus A380. The Airlines Company is offering a wide range of products and services (Bhasin 2017). The products included on-ground and in-flight products. Singapore Airlines initially had the business and economy class but later introduced the first class after their main competitor British Airways has introduced it and able to draw most of the passengers towards them. Singapore Airlines Suites are available on the Airbus A380 to A800. Each of them has a separate compartment, mounted LCD TV on the front wall, seats are of leathers, provision for separate beds and privacy blinds. The features of the economy class include slimmer seats, adjustable headrest, in-flight entertainment facilities and increased legroom. Business class includes features like stowage options beside seats and they are turned into beds. First class is also having comfortable seats with bed options. Premium economy class is providing an additional service namely Book-the Cook. Price The pricing strategy of Singapore Airlines is such that it is able to attract lot of customers and able to generate fair amount of revenue. In 2010, the rank of Singapore Airlines was second with respect to market capitalization and the net income in 2017 is $262 million (Gurufocus 2017). It has targeted the different sections of people from the society, middle class, the corporate and the upper-middle class. These customers are ready to shed extra bucks for the facilities that the airlines company is providing. It has adopted the premium pricing policy for the customers as it has a high degree of customer loyalty. Based on the price, it is regarded as a premium brand in the airlines industry offering many features (Bhasin 2017). Place The Headquarter of Singapore Airlines is located at Airline House in Changi, which is in Singapore itself. The company is presently operating from the Singapore Changi Airport. It has become a major airline in the Europe, Pacific region and North America and still extended its presence in various cities that is nearly ninety cities of around forty countries including United Kingdom, Australia, Bangkok, Dubai and United States (Bhasin 2017). The distribution network of Singapore Airlines is very widespread that has helped the company in creating awareness among the consumers. It takes into account the services of the affiliated portals, companies, travel agents, own websites and tour operators for the booking of tickets and other related services. The company was having a trained workforce which was equal to around 25,000 by the end of 2016. This workforce has helped the company in making the operations more efficient. Promotion Singapore Airlines has utilized the integrated marketing communication strategies very well. It has utilized the social media as a good platform for the promotional activities like blogs, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter (Bhasin 2017). Traditional methods like newspaper and television ads have also helped it to reach to the customers. Recently, it has launched the Frequent Flyer program in order to reward the loyal passengers. People The people of Singapore Airlines include the employees of the company including the pilots, crew members, the air hostesses and the ground staff members (Karlins et al. 2017). The company has made a good and effective workforce by providing proper training and the crew members as well as the ground staff are very efficient in their work. This has helped the company in its operational activities. Process The processes of Singapore Airlines are very fast and the employees are very swift in their daily operations. They are delivering high quality services and perform regular check up of the systems so that no failures can take place. The services are prompt and stable. Physical Environment The overall physical environment of the airlines and the company are very good. It attracts the passengers to take the service. The airlines are neat and clean and the crew members are well dressed. They are very friendly with the passengers. Market Position Adjustment Singapore Airlines was at the third position after Emirates and Qatar Airways in the list of top 10 airlines companies in the world in 2016 (Skytrax 2017). It initially had the business and economy class but later introduced the first class after British Airways. It has not yet become the leader in the airlines industry. It is working in the niche market as well as in the mass market segment. It is slowly moving into the low priced airlines. The company can be recommended to invest more in the low priced aircrafts so that more people can enjoy their travel with Singapore Airlines. Competitive Advantages Singapore Airlines is having competitive advantages in various ways like it is providing values to the customers at a price which is cheaper (Boyd 2016). The flight service has been exceptional and the growth has been remarkable. The training system of the company is very unique and innovative than the other companies. It is offering all types of facilities to the customers for all its segments. It is trying to become the leader in the airlines industry within the next few years through its efficient service. The key success factors of Singapore Airlines are customer service and satisfaction, strong brand recognition, strong stakeholder management, capable workforce and good relationship with the customers (Merkert, Van de Voorde and Wit 2017). The company is well ahead than its competitors in terms of customer service. It gives rigorous trainings to its employees and upholds the companys image. There is also on job training which is better than any other airlines company. The company has built a high reputation through their Singapore girl icon in the uniform, the kebaya. They are very friendly to the passengers and the service is almost same as that of its competitors. The stakeholder management of Singapore Airlines is very strong compared to its competitors. The workforce is an important part of the success of the company. It has a stringent recruitment process, particularly for the cabin crew and the pilots in comparison to its competitors Qatar Airways or British Airways. The above chart shows the value curve of Singapore Airlines based on the key success factors Conclusion The report deals with the marketing strategies of Singapore Airlines. It has been inferred from the report that Singapore Airlines is one of the top ten airlines companies in the world, creating values for the customers in various ways. The marketing strategies of Singapore Airlines have been discussed using STP and 5C framework analysis. The competitors and competitive advantages of the company have been taken into account. The macro-environmental analysis gave us an indication about the airlines industry in the country. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Bhasin, H., 2017. Marketing Mix Of Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines Marketing Mix [online] Available at: https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-mix-singapore-airlines/ [Accessed 16 June 2017] Boyd, E., 2016. The future of pricing: How airline ticket pricing has inspired a revolution. Springer. Dai, M., Liu, Q. and Serfes, K., 2014. Is the effect of competition on price dispersion nonmonotonic? evidence from the us airline industry. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(1), pp.161-170. Gurufocus, 2017. Singapore Airlines Ltd. [online] Available at: https://www.gurufocus.com/term/Net+Income/SINGY/Net-Income/Singapore-Airlines-Ltd [Accessed 16 June 2017] Karlins, M., Koh, F., McCully, L. and Chan, C.T., 2017. 26 Expanding teamwork beyond the cockpit door: An Integrative Program. Aviation Training: Learners, Instruction and Organization. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015. Marketing management (Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lawton, T.C., 2017. Cleared for take-off: structure and strategy in the low fare airline business. Routledge. Merkert, R., Van de Voorde, E. and de Wit, J., 2017. Making or breaking-Key success factors in the air cargo market. Sauria, M.E., Phillips-Cremins, J.E., Corces, V.G. and Taylor, J., 2015. HiFive: a tool suite for easy and efficient HiC and 5C data analysis. Genome biology, 16(1), p.237. Schmitt, D. and Gollnick, V., 2016. Airlines. In Air Transport System (pp. 187-223). Springer Vienna. Singapore Airlines, 2017. Singapore Airlines Signs First Marketing Collaboration Memorandum With Tourism Malaysia. [online] Available at: https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/au/media-centre/press-release/article/?q=en_UK/2016/January-March/10Mar2016-1213 [Accessed 16 June 2017] Skyjourneys, 2015. Vision, Mission and Values of Singapore Airlines [online] Available at: https://skyjourneys.blogspot.in/2015/11/vision-mission-and-values-of-singapore.html [Accessed 16 June 2017] Skytrax, 2017. Top 100 Airlines 2016 [online] Available at: https://www.airlinequality.com/review-pages/top-10-airlines/ [Accessed 16 June 2017] Taneja, N.K., 2017. Driving airline business strategies through emerging technology. Routledge. Xie, L., Poon, P. and Zhang, W., 2017. Brand experience and customer citizenship behavior: the role of brand relationship quality. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(3).

Infection Control in Secondary Care Setting - Shingles

Question: Describe about the Infection control in secondary care setting for Shingles? Answer: Introduction Shingles is a viral disease and a secondary infection of varicella zoster virus (VZV) and causes painful blisters as well as rashes in one side of the body (Richter, K. 2014). This disease can be caused as the reactivation of previous disease with herpes zoster virus or chicken pox virus. There is much kind of risk factors present behind the occurrence of disease. The risk factors are like if anyone has had chicken pox infection or the chicken pox vaccine then there is possibility that he may carry the herpes zoster virus. This virus in turn can cause shingles. The people who have immunodeficiency have the chance of the occurrence of the disease. It has been seen that people with the risk factors for shingles are found to be healthy as their immune system is strong. In this assignment the infection control for the varicella zoster virus within a health sector has been described. The only known host for the VZV infection is human. The mode of transmission of the varicella zoster virus is from person-to-person and by the droplets and air. The infection must occur when in close contact. Although the virus is very much labile so that it cannot be transmitted via inanimate objects like hospital instruments. There is report for nosocomial infection of this virus. For that reason the virus can be transmitted via air route or by droplets. In contrast, there is no report of the transmission of the virus to the term infants as there is a protection of the maternal transplacental antibodies. To avoid this kind of spreading there is a guideline of CDC that tells that after vaccination who produce rashes should avoid the contact with other persons. EPIC3 and UK based NICE guidelines have to be followed by the hospitals to prevent the spreading of the varicella zoster virus. Signs, symptoms and difficulties of shingles Shingles cause pain instead of itching that occurs mainly during chicken pox. The common symptoms and signs include a caution period, outburst of blisters and rashes, and finally pain and flu like symptom. The warning period: In this case, include skin irritation, itchiness, burns and tingling sensations that usually occur in only one portion of the body. These symptoms may be temporary or permanent. Symptoms may last for two to three days or for a longer time (Jones and Jones, 2013). Rashes and Blisters: After the warning period of shingles, rashes appear all over the body or in that specific portion. Finally, those rashes turned into blisters that turn bloody before they scab and heal. This lasts for two to three weeks. This phase is so much painful that painkillers are wastage (Hosseini et.al. 2015). Difficulties of shingles occur in any person with the situation, but are more probable in older adults and those with a destabilized immune structure (Pinninti and Kimberlin, 2013). In general, problems arise in about 12 percent of all persons with shingles. Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most general problem of shingles. It causes gentle to harsh pain or horrible sensations and is frequently described as burning. PHN affects 10 to 15 percent of patients, that is a great number, and with about half of these cases in individuals older than 60 years (Gupta et.al. 2015). Eye complications take place in regarding 2 percent of persons. These are severe cases of shingles. These are much more likely to happen when the shingles rash occurs roughly around the eye. These problems are severe and can lead to loss of visualization (Yawn et.al. 2013). Herpes zoster virus (HSV) of the eye can grounds irritation, injures retina, and termed as acute retinal necrosis. The retina is present in the rear of the eye, and senses beam and facilitates vision. Retinal irritation can develop quickly in persons with HIV virus. Retinal irritation generally initiate with fuzzy hallucination and pain in the one eye. In half of the persons, it afterward distresses the other eye. (Takhar et. al. 2015). These viruses can origin irritation of the ear known as Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Signs consist of the flaw of the facial strength on the exaggerated side. Groups with a weakened immune structure, which includes populace contaminated with HIV, are at considerable hazard for harsh varic ella zoster virus linked difficulties. Rationale for choosing the respective topic Chicken pox virus (Varicella zoster) is a deadly virus that becomes an endemic in the United States in recent years. Shingles are the secondary infection that can occur after the chicken pox (Baveja, 2014). Shingles is becoming very much threatening to the population. It also hinders the quality of life of the community. Shingles outbreak in the United Kingdom is very much devastating in nature. This secondary immune infection leads to different kinds of diseases and symptoms later on. These are bacterial skin infections, the signs of Hutchinson, Ramsay Hunt Symptom, neuropathic syndromes linked to motor functional impairment, urinary meningitis infection. Children are mostly affected by the Shingles infection. The contemporary fact in this concern that the children affected by Shingles are not cured properly and the prevalence rate counted at 190,000 numbers of people (Baveja, 2014). The threatening virus VZV remain in the central nervous system of the affected individuals. The reac tivation of the virus is the potential cause for respective disease outbreak. It is very much unexpected that in spite of having specific vaccines for chicken pox virus the secondary immune infection of the respective disease affection cannot be controlled within the acceptable limit. Because of developing the secondary immune cells (memory B' cell), the infection is not inhibited and protested within the human immune (Bloomfield Scott, 2013). Critical Analysis of the topic Controlling measures to prevent the disease spreading Non-Immune Contacts and Susceptible Groups The healthy individuals should not come into the contact with the affected person or in the person in remaining disease attenuating condition (Havill, Nucci, Sullivan Dembry, 2014). Patients having shingles The infection prevention and control team should always be aware on the outbreak of new emergence of the shingles. If the case is informed properly, immediate action should be taken by the control and prevention team (Sciortino, 2013). The affected patients should be always nursed in a different and separate place or room in such a way the airborne transfusion of disease is minimized to a certain extent. Appropriate contact isolation can be needed to prevent the further spreading (Malik, 2013). Day to day monitoring is required to check the degree of affection in the affected patients. VZV antibody test should be performed to check the disease affection in the susceptible community. Consultation of a microbiologist is required to take advice and also the development of a protocol for disease prevention and control within the community (McFarlin, 2012). Varicella Zoster Immunoglobulin (VZIG) VZVIG cannot prevent the shingles. It can attenuate only. When the initial exposure (within 7 days in immune-compromised patients) is observed, the administration of VZIG should be needed. VZIG is supplied by the Clinical Virology Departments of all NHS trusts in the UK. But it is mandatory that the consultation with microbiologists or Health Protection agency should be needed before the administration of VZIG. According to the contemporary prevention and control care guidelines set by Department of Health (UK), the administration procedure must be implemented and conveyed. The information about the decision for VZIG administration must be properly conveyed to the occupational health department or public health department (Millar, 2008). Susceptible Cases (Antibody Negative) that should be considered for administration of VZIG Patients underlying bone marrow transplantation should be considered as a susceptible individual for six months after the surgery. Neonates whose mothers are affected in chickenpox or shingles during pregnancy periods are also affected. Neonates get exposed to chickenpox within seven days after birth. VZ antibody-negative neonates of any age getting exposed to shingles or chicken pox virus pregnant women getting exposed to chicken pox virus at the early trimester of pregnancy (Perez, Mena, Watson, Prater McIntyre, 2015) Considerable Exposure Warranting VZIG It is very much beneficial to the practitioners when the administration of VZIG should be needed with rapid action. These indications are- Constant contact in household, Hospital contact, patients within the similar six bedded/4 bedded inlet, Continuous face to face exposure, e.g. during nursing or consultation (Skillman, 2012) Responsibilities and Roles The respective microbiologists or GP should follow the disease control and preventive measure guidelines set by Department of Health in UK. Control of infection- The respective ancillary community health care professionals (Sciortino, 2013) Infection control practices to promote and maintain quality of care Appearance of different severe infectious diseases like shingles, HIV etc have painted the requirement of a well-organized infection control program for every aspect and capacity for different health care workers. These are various practices that upon application restrict the increased infection. One branch of this health care practice also helps to restrict the spread of disease from the patient to health care worker, other patients, and attendants as well. Therefore it is important for each and every worker, friends, and family members of the patients to follow the guidelines strictly (Stevens's et. al. 2014). It is also essential for the supervisor to guarantee the accomplishment of this program with all those health care skills. Different infection control skills are there that can be grouped in two kinds of categories standard protection and transmission-based protection. Standard protection According to EPIC3 guidelines, treatment of every patient having shingles in this health care ability with an equal level of proper precautions contains work practices that are needed to offer a much higher level of defense to patients, health worker as well as visitors. This protocol includes: antisepsis and hygiene maintenance, Hand washing practices as well as to utilize private defensive equipment when managing blood, body substances, secretions and excretions and finally the proper treatment of patient care tools and grubby linens etc. Transmission-based protection Additional or transmission-based safety measures are taken whereas ensuring typical safety measures are maintained. Additional safety measures comprise: Airborne protection that includes, application of typical defense mechanisms and the patient should be placed in a single room, and that room should have a properly scrutinized airflow pressure (negative), and is frequently referred to as a negative pressure room. Droplet nuclei protection which includes, Standard terms need to be implemented, and the patient should be placed in a single room or with another patient having the same kind of disease. Contact protection that includes, application of standard protocol and the disease epidemiology should be considered. The patient should be placed in an isolated room or with another patient having shingles. Factors affecting the control over contagious Shingles Biggest factors effecting the control and prevention on this disease is less knowledge of dos and don'ts of this disease. People know very less about shingles, and therefore they cannot understand the triggering factors leading to severe pains and itchiness. Unavailability of proper medication can be another reason. Less availability of vaccines as well as medicines leads to spread of this disease (Russell et. al. 2014). Improper sanitation and handling of the patient also prevents them to recover from this disease as it can persist for long time. Inadequate hospital management and patient care is one of the prime factors effecting people's health due to shingles. Staff working in the sterilization department handles this case. Role of the practitioner in monitoring infection control policies within secondary care settings A polluted scientific surrounding is one of the biggest features that may add towards infectivity rates. On the other hand, high values of sanitation will help to lessen the danger of cross-infection. Good plan in buildings, furniture and equipment is also significant to permit well-organized cleanout. According to regulation available by NHS and NICE guideline states an organization of the Department of Health healthcare amenities should be patient-friendly and recommend safe surroundings for care (NHS Estates, 2014). Proper checking of sanitation aspects Sufficient hand washing amenities should be accessible and effortlessly available in every shingles, wards of patients, healing quarters, washrooms and kitchens. Basins, wash-basins in medical areas should have nudge lever functioned mixer taps or should possess automatic controls and should be provided by way of liquid soap distributors, paper, hand towels, leg-driven dustbins. Alcohol containing hand gel should also be obtainable at all prime and inferior care settings All healthcare staff should note any lack of these equipments or practices to inform their managers while properly performing their duties to patients and to themselves as well to stop the process of cross-infection (Loveday et. al. 2014). Monitoring the availability of personal care equipment Hand cleanliness is extensively recognized to be the sole most significant commotion for reducing the spread of disease, yet facts recommend that a lot of healthcare experts do not clean up their hands as frequently as they require to or use the proper method which means that hands are not properly washed. The key areas that are of main concern of management include: Nails of the hospital staff should be clean, short and polish-free, artificial nails also are avoided. Nurses, Ward boys should not wear any jewelry or wrist watches, stoned rings, etc. during treatment procedures and Cuts, wounds and exposed abrasions should be covered properly with waterproof dressing (Swayne et. al. 2012). Staff should wear masks, visor, and eye protection gears while dealing with the patients. Wherever there is a chance of splash of blood, mucous, or other bodily contaminating fluids. Usage of mouth masks is also should be mandatory in the hospitals to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant disease s and severe contagious viral diseases like varicella zoster shingles. Current research findings that can be applied to prevent and control contagious disease - shingles The prevalence of shingles infection in United Kingdom is around 190,000 people every year and excess of them belongs to the old age group. In a particular study with 183 patients driven by a group of physicians in six countries, it was found that a new drug EMA401 is a new formulated drug which helps to reduce the pain related to the shingles and it did not cause any kind of serious side effects. These findings were published in the Lancet (Wong, 2014). Usage of different antidepressants can also lead to relief some of the anxieties during the outbreak of this disease. Current researchers are also aiming to find some improved vaccination program to deal with the condition. Incorporation of VSV vaccine during childhood can limit this infection to some extent. Approval of zoster vaccine can also prevent the spread of this disease in the whole UK (Choi et. al. 2015). One combined drug is tramadol. Oxycodone in combination with acetaminophen or morphine can be another choice of drug (koelle and Corey 2013). Recommendations for risk assessments, isolation policies, and guidelines Placement and transportation of patients In hospitals, appropriate placement of patients is so much of importance as it determines the rate of transmission of the disease. There should be some general principles related to the placement of patients: There should be proper spacing ( nearly 1-2 meters) between beds to reduce the risk associated with shingles as there is a high chance of cross reaction due to direct or indirect contact ( droplet nuclei, air flow, etc.). Cohorting i.e. people with shingles are sharing a single room can be another option to deal with spreading of this disease (Gould 2014). Availability of single beds is one of the main issues in hospitals so the use of cohort can be an easy way to deal with this situation. Shingles being a highly contagious one needs a proper isolation technique. Therefore, a specific area of the hospital should be courted with shingles patients. Environment management Environment management should be handled with proper dedication and expertise as it can be one of the biggest sources of contamination leading to this contagious disease. The Immunosupressed condition of shingles patient requires adequate care and monitoring. Usage of unidirectional ultra clean air in these wards can minimize the risk. HEPA filers should be used in such rooms. Frequent management and validation of these filters, as well as the temperature, should be maintained. Humidity, pressure gradient, etc. should also be maintained. Waste management There should be a separate department in the hospitals to manage the wastes originated from the hospitals as the wastes are reservoirs of microorganisms and can lead to diseases as well. These require proper, adequate, and reliable handling to store, collect and dispose the originated waste. It should be conducted with the help of infection control squad of the hospital and should include health measures as per guidelines. Treatment of hazardous wastes The clinical/ hazardous substances should be disposed separately with proper monitoring and under expert supervision. Hazards should be transported to a specific chamber where experts can dispose that to simpler substances. Sharp objects should be sterilized using autoclaves, microwave, whereas plastic objects should be incinerated. Radioactive wastes, on the other hand, should be deal with expertise chemical reactions. Conclusion From the above assignment it can be concluded that varicella zoster virus is a very infectious virus and causes a painful disease named shingles. From the EPIC3 and UK based NICE guideline it has been known that the hygiene of the hospital should be maintained to prevent the spreading of the virus. This can be achieved by keeping the hospitals visibly clean by using some effective disinfectants. The hand hygiene must be a matter of concern. If any patient with the infection of varicella zoster virus is admitted then the patient should be given the personal protective equipments to reduce the transmission of the virus from person-to-person contact. The health care workers should be well educated about the infection and its protection. Hospitals should use the disposal gloves and aprons to reduce the chance of the infection. From this assignment this is clear that hospital staffs should maintain their hand hygiene when they attend the patients with the infection with varicella zoster. The patients are immunocompromised in that time and any kind of secondary infection can take place. The patients as well as the health care providers should wear the face mask when staying within the hospital to reduce the chance of transmission of the virus. As the virus cannot live on the inanimate objects, for this reason there is no fear for the transmission of the virus from the hospital instruments. However to reduce the chances of secondary infection the hospital should maintain its sanitary condition as well as the hygiene. It is also recommended that the hospital staffs should be vaccinated against the varicella zoster virus. This assignment also concludes that those health workers who have previously vaccinated should be monitored regularly for the occurrence of any skin symptoms of the disease. Reference list Choi, E. J., Lee, C. H., Kim, Y. C., Shin, O. S., 2015. Wogonin inhibits Varicella-Zoster (shingles) virus replication via modulation of type I interferon signaling and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity.Journal of Functional Foods,17, 399-409. Russell, M. L., Dover, D. C., Simmonds, K. A., Svenson, L. W. 2014. Shingles in Alberta: before and after publicly funded varicella vaccination. 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